Hakar Ma'adinai Na Son Kai Wanda Ba A Iya Gano Shi: Binciken Rashin Tsaron Blockchain

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1 Gabatarwa

Ka'idojin Blockchain na nufin samar da ledoji na ma'amaloli masu tsari gaba ɗaya waɗanda ake kiyaye su ta hanyar yarjejeniyar tabbatar da aiki. Takardar farko ta Nakamoto na Bitcoin ta gano cewa masu hakar ma'adinai masu ƙarfin hashrate sama da kashi 50% na iya samun riba ta hanyar karkata daga ka'ida, amma an ɗauka cewa wannan shine bakin kofa. Aikin farko na Eyal da Sirer ya nuna cewa hakar ma'adinai na son kai yana da riba tare da kashi 1/3 kawai na jimlar ƙarfin hashrate, tare da bincike na gaba wanda ya rage wannan zuwa kusan kashi 32.9%.

2 Bayanan Baya da Ayyukan Da Suka Danganci

2.1 Tushen Hakar Ma'adinai Na Son Kai

Hakar ma'adinai na son kai ya ƙunshi ɓoye sabbin tubalan da aka haka da dabarun ƙirƙira don ƙirƙirar sarƙoƙi masu zaman kansu, sannan a bayyana su zaɓaɓɓu don sanya tubalan masu hakar ma'adinai na gaskiya su zama marasa uwa. Wannan yana ba masu kai hari damar samun ladan da bai dace ba ta hanyar sarrafa hanyar warware rikice-rikicen blockchain na halitta.

2.2 Matsalar Gano Kididdiga

Babban iyakan aiki na hakar ma'adinai na son kai na al'ada shine iyawar ganewa ta kididdiga. Tsarin tubalan marasa uwa da aka ƙirƙira ba za a iya bayyana su ta hanyar jinkirin hanyar sadarwa na halitta kaɗai ba, wanda hakan ya sa harin ya zama abin ganowa ta hanyar binciken blockchain.

3 Dabarar Hakar Ma'adinai Na Son Kai Wanda Ba A Iya Gano Shi

3.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Dabarar da aka tsara tana aiki a cikin ƙirar da aka ƙera inda masu hakar ma'adinai na gaskiya tare da jinkirin hanyar sadarwa ke samar da tubalan marasa uwa a kowane tsayi ba tare da dogaro da yuwuwar β′ ba. Dabarar hakar ma'adinai na son kai wanda ba a iya gano shi yana samar da tubalan marasa uwa tare da yuwuwar β > β′, wanda hakan ya sa alamu suka zama ba za a iya bambanta su da kididdiga daga yanayin hanyar sadarwa na halitta ba.

Mahimman alaƙar lissafi:

• Yawan ladan da ake tsammani: $R_{selfish} = \frac{\alpha(1-\alpha)^2(4\alpha+\beta(1-2\alpha))-\alpha^3}{1-\alpha(1+(2-\alpha)\alpha)}$
• Yuwuwar gano: $P_{detect} = 1 - \prod_{i=1}^{n} (1 - |\beta_i - \beta'_i|)$
• Yanayin riba: $\alpha > \frac{1-2\beta}{4-2\beta}$ don $\beta < 0.5$

3.2 Algorithm Aiwarwa

Dabarar ta ƙunshi daidaita lokacin bayyanar tubalan don kiyaye rashin iya ganewa ta kididdiga yayin haɓaka riba.

4 Sakamakon Gwaji

Simulations na gwaji sun nuna cewa dabarar hakar ma'adinai na son kai wanda ba a iya gano shi ta cimma:

• Riba mai tsauri ga maharan da ke da kashi 38.2% na jimlar ƙarfin hashrate
• Rashin iya ganewa ta kididdiga a duk yanayin hanyar sadarwa da aka gwada
• Ci gaba da ingantaccen aiki akan hakar ma'adinai na gaskiya

Tsarin gwajin ya haɗa da kwaikwayi hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain tare da rarraba ƙarfin hashrate daban-daban da yanayin jinkirin hanyar sadarwa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa algorithms na ganowa da aka yi amfani da su a baya (irin waɗanda suka dogara da binciken tarin tubalan marasa uwa) sun kasa gano dabarar hakar ma'adinai na son kai wanda ba a iya gano shi tare da mahimmancin kididdiga.

5 Binciken Fasaha

6 Aiwar Code

class MaiHakarMa'adinaiNaSonKaiWandaBaAGanoShi:
    def __init__(self, rabon_karfin_hasha, manufa_beta):
        self.alpha = rabon_karfin_hasha
        self.beta = manufa_beta
        self.sarkar_keɓaɓɓu = []
        self.tsayin_sarkar_jamaa = 0
        
    def haka_tubali(self):
        """Haka sabon tubali kuma yanke shawara ko za a buga"""
        sabon_tubali = self.ƙirƙiri_tubali()
        self.sarkar_keɓaɓɓu.append(sabon_tubali)
        
        # Dabara don yanke shawara game da buga tubali
        if self.ya_kamata_a_buga():
            self.buga_tubalan()
            
    def ya_kamata_a_buga(self):
        """Ƙayyade mafi kyawun lokacin bugawa don rashin iya ganewa"""
        gubar = len(self.sarkar_keɓaɓɓu) - self.tsayin_sarkar_jamaa
        
        # Jinkiri na dabarun don dacewa da yawan marasa uwa na halitta
        if gubar >= 2 and random.random() < self.lissafa_yuwuwar_jinkiri():
            return True
        return False
        
    def lissafa_yuwuwar_jinkiri(self):
        """Lissafa yuwuwar bugawa don cimma manufa β"""
        # Aiwarar ƙirar lissafi
        tushen_yuwuwa = self.beta / self.alpha
        daidaitawa = (self.beta - BETA_NA_HALITTA) * MAI_Daidaituwa
        return max(0, min(1, tushen_yuwuwa + daidaitawa))

7 Aikace-aikacen Gaba

Binciken kan hakar ma'adinai na son kai wanda ba a iya gano shi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci da yawa ga ci gaban blockchain na gaba:

• Ingantattun Algorithms na Gano: Haɓaka ƙarin gwaje-gwajen ƙididdiga masu zurfi waɗanda za su iya gano ƙirar sarrafa dabara duk da ƙoƙarin kwaikwayon halayen hanyar sadarwa na halitta
• Haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniya: Gyare-gyare ga hanyoyin yarjejeniyar blockchain waɗanda ke rage ribar dabarun hakar ma'adinai na son kai
• Tsaro na Cross-Chain: Aiwatar waɗannan binciken don kiyaye sabbin ka'idojin haɗin kai na blockchain da gadoji masu tsaka-tsaki
• Tsarin Tsarin Ka'idoji: Sanar da haɓaka ƙa'idodin ka'idoji don tsaron blockchain da halayen masu hakar ma'adinai
• Koyon Injin Tsaro: Yiwuwar aikace-aikacen dabarun koyon abokan gaba don haɓaka ƙarin tsarin ganowa masu ƙarfi

8 Nassoshi