Hakar Mai Son Kai a cikin Ethereum: Binciken Haɗin Kai da Kwatancen Dabarun

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

Kwatancen Dabarun

Binciken riba na SM1 da SM2

Tasirin Ƙarfin Hakar Bayanai

An samo tsayayyen tsarin lissafin ƙarfin hakar bayanai

Ladan Uncle

Ƙarfafawa mara ƙarfi don nuna tubalan

1. Gabatarwa

1.1. Dabarun Hakar Mai Son Kai a cikin Ethereum

Hakar mai son kai a cikin Ethereum yana gabatar da rikitattun haɗin kai waɗanda suka bambanta da Bitcoin saboda bambance-bambance na asali a cikin tsarin lada da tsarin daidaita wahala. Filin bincike na hakar mai son kai a Ethereum yana da ɗan sabon salo, tare da gudummawar da aka lura daga [1] (nazarin lamba) da [3].

Babban ƙalubalen ya ta'allaka ne a gaskiyar cewa daidai dabarun a Bitcoin suna haifar da riba daban-daban a cikin Ethereum. Mai kai hari yana fuskantar hanyoyi biyu na farko: watsa rassa ta hanyar toshe-toshe (Dabarar 1/SM1) ko kiyaye sirri har zuwa lokuta masu mahimmanci da kuma buga cikakkun rassa lokaci ɗaya (Dabarar 2/SM2).

1.2. Ayyukan Dabarun Hakar Mai Son Kai na Ethereum

Fahimtar mafi kyawun dabarar mai kai hari yana buƙatar zurfin fahimtar yanayin asali na hakar mai son kai. Kamar yadda aka kafa a [4], daidaitaccen tsarin tattalin arziƙin dole ne ya haɗa da maimaita wasanni da abubuwan lokaci waɗanda ba su cikin tsarin Markov na al'ada ba. Ma'aunin mahimmanci ga masu kai hari shine haɓaka ingantattun tubalan a kowace raka'a lokaci, ba kawai kashi na tubalan da aka inganta ba.

Harin a zahiri yana amfani da tsarin daidaita wahala na Ethereum, wanda ya haɗa da tubalan marasa uwa. Ta hanyar rage wahala ta zahiri a farashin tubalan gaskiya marasa uwa, masu kai hari suna samun nasarar inganta ƙarin tubalan a kowace raka'a lokaci.

2. Hanyoyin Bincike da Nazarin Haɗin Kai

2.1. Kalmomin Dyck da Lambobin Catalan

Bincikenmu yana amfani da haɗin kai kai tsaye ta amfani da kalmomin Dyck don samun tsayayyen tsarin lissafi. Hanyoyin Dyck suna ba da wakilci na halitta don gasar rassa na blockchain, inda kowane mataki na hawa yana wakiltar tubalan mai kai hari kuma matakan saukarwa suna wakiltar tubalan ma'adinan gaskiya.

Tsarin haɗin kai yana ba da damar daidaitaccen lissafin yuwuwar nasarar kai hari da ma'aunin riba. Lambobin Catalan $C_n = \frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}$ suna fitowa a zahiri wajen ƙidaya ingantattun jerin rassa na blockchain.

2.2. Tsarin Lissafin Ƙarfin Hakar Bayanai

Mun samar da tsayayyen tsarin lissafi don ƙarfin hakar bayanai na bayyane a ƙarƙashin dabarun daban-daban. Don Dabarar 1, ƙarfin hakar bayanai na bayyane $\pi_a$ yana biye da:

$$\pi_a = \frac{\alpha(1-\alpha)^2(4\alpha+\gamma(1-2\alpha)-\alpha^3)}{\alpha-4\alpha^2+2\alpha^3+(1-2\alpha)^2\gamma}$$

Inda $\alpha$ ke wakiltar ƙarfin hakar bayanai na mai kai hari kuma $\gamma$ fa'idar sadarwa.

3. Sakamako da Kwatancen

3.1. Dabarar 1 (SM1) da Dabarar 2 (SM2)

Bincikenmu ya nuna Dabarar 1 tana haifar da lalacewa ga manyan ƙarfin hakar bayanai, yayin da Dabarar 2 ta nuna mafi munin aiki. Wannan ya tabbatar da bincikenmu na Bitcoin: hakar mai son kai da farko yana kai hari ga tsarin daidaita wahala maimakon samar da kudaden toshe kai tsaye.

Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa ga ƙarfin hakar bayanai sama da 25%, Dabarar 1 tana rage ingancin cibiyar sadarwa da kashi 15-20%, yayin da Dabarar 2 ta haifar da asarar inganci kashi 25-30% saboda ƙaruwar samar da tubalan marasa uwa.

3.2. Binciken Alamun Tubalan Uncle

Ladan Ethereum na yanzu don nuna tubalan uncle suna ba da ƙarfafawa mara ƙarfi ga masu kai hari. Lissafinmu ya nuna cewa ga manyan wuraren siffofi, dabarun guje wa nuna tubalan sun zama mafi kyau.

Tsarin lada na uncle, yayin da aka ƙera don inganta tsaron cibiyar sadarwa, ba da gangan ba ya haifar da ƙarfafawa mara kyau ga masu hakar mai son kai don hana buga tubalan har zuwa lokutan da suka dace da dabarun.

4. Aiwatar da Fasaha

4.1. Tsarin Lissafi

Yuwuwar nasarar kai hari na hakar mai son kai za a iya yin samfurin ta amfani da aikin samar da hanyoyin Dyck:

$$D(x) = \frac{1-\sqrt{1-4x}}{2x}$$

Inda ma'auni ya dace da ingantattun jerin kai hari na tsayin da aka bayar.

4.2. Aiwatar da Lambar Aiki

A ƙasa akwai lambar ƙarya ta Python don lissafin ribar hakar mai son kai:

def lissafa_riba(alpha, gamma, dabarar):
    """Lissafa ribar hakar mai son kai"""
    if dabarar == "SM1":
        mahabba = alpha * (1 - alpha)**2 * (4 * alpha + gamma * (1 - 2 * alpha) - alpha**3)
        mai_raba = alpha - 4 * alpha**2 + 2 * alpha**3 + (1 - 2 * alpha)**2 * gamma
        return mahabba / mai_raba
    elif dabarar == "SM2":
        # Lissafin riba na Dabarar 2
        return (alpha * (1 - 2 * alpha)) / (1 - alpha)
    else:
        return alpha  # Hakar gaskiya

5. Ayyukan Gaba da Hanyoyin Bincike

Tsarin haɗin kai da aka kafa a cikin wannan binciken ya wuce Ethereum don bincika raunin blockchain na hujjar aiki gabaɗaya. Aikin gaba yakamata ya bincika:

Aiki ga tsarin hujjar hannun jari masu tasowa
Kai hari na hakar mai son kai a tsakanin sarƙoƙi
Ingantattun algorithms na daidaita wahala masu jure wa hakar mai son kai
Hanyoyin koyon inji don gano al'amuran hakar mai son kai

Yayin da tsarin blockchain ke ci gaba zuwa Ethereum 2.0 da sauran hanyoyin yarjejeniya, fahimtar waɗannan hare-haren na asali ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren tsarin rarrabawa.

6. Nassoshi

Grunspan, C., & Pérez-Marco, R. (2019). Hakar Mai Son Kai a cikin Ethereum. arXiv:1904.13330
Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2014). Rinjaye bai isa ba: Hakar Bitcoin yana da rauni. Kuɗin Kuɗi na Cryptographic
Saad, M., et al. (2019). Bincika Tasirin Hakar Mai Son Kai akan Ethereum. IEEE EuroS&P
Grunspan, C., & Pérez-Marco, R. (2018). Akan Ribar Hakar Mai Son Kai. arXiv:1805.08281
Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum: Tsarin Kwangila Mai Hikima na Gaba da Dandalin Aikace-aikacen Rarrabawa

Binciken Kwararre: Haƙiƙanin Barazana na Hakar Mai Son Kai a Ethereum

Maganar Gaskiya: Wannan takarda ta ba da mummunan rauni ga zato na tsaro na Ethereum, tana tabbatar da cewa hakar mai son kai ba wai kawai abin damuwa na ka'ida ba ne amma rauni ne mai amfani wanda ya fi rikitarwa a haɗin kai fiye da na Bitcoin. Cikakkiyar fahimtar cewa daidai dabarun Bitcoin suna haifar da riba daban-daban a cikin Ethereum tana bayyana kurakuran ƙira na asali a cikin tsarin lada na Ethereum.

Sarkar Ma'ana: Tsarin kai hari yana bin ma'ana mai kyau amma mai haɗari: Tsarin lada na uncle na Ethereum, wanda aka ƙera don inganta ingancin cibiyar sadarwa, a zahiri yana haifar da ƙarfafawa mara kyau. Kamar yadda marubutan suka nuna ta amfani da haɗin kalmomin Dyck, tsarin daidaita wahala ya zama babban hanyar kai hari. Wannan yana haifar da zagayowar ƙarfafawa inda nasarar kai hari ke rage wahala, yana ba da damar ƙarin amfani. Ƙwararren lissafi a nan yana da ban sha'awa - tsayayyen tsarin lissafi da aka samo ta hanyar binciken lambobin Catalan suna ba da tabbataccen shaida maimakon sakamakon kwaikwayo kawai.

Abubuwan Haske da Rauni: Babban ƙarfin takardar ya ta'allaka ne a cikin hanyar haɗin kai, ya wuce samfuran Markov don samar da madaidaicin mafita. Wannan ya yi daidai da ci gaban binciken ɓoyayyen rubutu daga cibiyoyi kamar Shirin Binciken Blockchain na Stanford. Duk da haka, binciken ya ɗan yi watsi da yanayin cibiyar sadarwa ta zahiri da tasirin canjin Ethereum zuwa hujjar hannun jari a hankali. Idan aka kwatanta da ainihin takardar hakar mai son kai ta Eyal da Sirer, wannan aikin yana ba da kayan aikin lissafi masu zurfi amma ƙaranci jagorar aiki kai tsaye ga masu haɓaka Ethereum.

Faɗakarwar Aiki: Dole ne masu haɓaka ainihin Ethereum su sake yin la'akari da algorithm ɗin daidaita wahala da tsarin lada na uncle. Binciken ya nuna cewa ƙarfafawa na yanzu ba wai kawai bai isa ba ne amma ba su da amfani. Kamar yadda muka gani tare da irin wannan raunin a cikin wasu tsarin blockchain (yana nuni da binciken Shirin Kuɗin Lantarki na MIT), jiran ainihin amfani ba za'i ba. Tsarin haɗin kai da aka kafa anan yakamata ya zama kayan aiki na yau da kullun don binciken tsaron blockchain a duka ƙungiyoyin bincike na ilimi da masana'antu.

Abin da ya sa wannan binciken ya zama mai jan hankali musamman shine yadda yake haɗa ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta ta ka'ida da tsaron cryptocurrency na aiki. Amfani da hanyoyin Dyck da lambobin Catalan, waɗanda aka kafa sosai a cikin haɗin lissafi, yana ba da tabbataccen lissafi inda binciken da ya gabata ya dogara da kimanin yiwuwar. Wannan hanyar tana kwaikwayon ƙwararren hanyar da aka samu a cikin takardun ɓoyayyun rubutu na asali daga cibiyoyi kamar Cibiyar Weizmann, tana kawo zurfin ilimi ga binciken tsaron blockchain.

Tasirin ya wuce Ethereum zuwa ga faɗaɗakar yanayin blockchain. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin tarurrukan Tsaro & Sirrin IEEE, irin wannan al'amuran rauni suna bayyana a duk tsarin hujjar aiki. Hanyar haɗin kai ta takardar tana ba da samfuri don bincika hanyoyin yarjejeniya na zamani, yana iya hana irin wannan amfani a cikin gine-ginen blockchain masu tasowa.