ADESS: Tsarin Aikin Buga don Hana Hare-haren Kashe Kuɗi Sau Biyu

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1 Gabatarwa

Babban raunin blockchains na aikin buga (PoW) yana cikin yuwuwar masu kai hari su sake rubuta tarihin ma'amala ta hanyar raba tubalan da aka buga a baya da kuma gina sassan sarkar madadin tare da jerin ma'amala daban-daban. Lokacin da sarkar mai kai hari ta tara wahalar wasan ma'adinai fiye da babban sarkar da ke akwai, nodes suna gane ta a matsayin ingantacciya, wanda ke ba da damar hare-haren kashe kuɗi sau biyu inda masu kai hari suka hana canja wurin alama da aka rubuta akan sarkar asali.

Abubuwan da suka faru a duniyar gaske, kamar hare-haren Ethereum Classic da Bitcoin Gold tsakanin 2018-2020, sun nuna barazanar gaske ta kashe kuɗi sau biyu. Gyaran tsarin ADESS yana magance wannan rauni ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin gano sarkokin mahara da kuma sanya hukunce-hukunce na tattalin arziki.

1.1 Gyare-gyaren ADESS guda biyu

ADESS ya gabatar da manyan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga tsarukan PoW da suka wanzu:

1.1.1 Gano Sarkar Mahara

Tsarin yana gano sarkokin mahara masu yuwuwa ta hanyar nazarin alamu na jerin lokaci. Idan aka kwatanta sarkoki tare da uba guda ɗaya ("fork-block"), ADESS yana sanya hukunci ga sarkokin da suka kasance na ƙarshe don watsa mafi ƙarancin adadin tubalan masu biyo baya daga tubalin raba. Wannan yana amfani da tsarin halayyar da masu kai hari ke jinkirta watsa sarkar su har sai sun karɓi kaya ko ayyuka.

1.1.2 Tsarin Hukunci Mai Yawa

Da zarar an gano sarkar mahara, ADESS yana amfani da buƙatun hashrate masu ƙaruwa da yawa don sanya sarkar mahara ta zama ingantacciya. Wannan yana ƙara farashin tattalin arzikin nasarar hare-hare sosai.

2 Tsarin Fasaha

ADESS yana aiki azaman gyara ga tsarin yarjejeniyar Nakamoto, yana kiyaye dacewar baya yayin haɓaka tsaro daga hare-haren kashe kuɗi sau biyu.

2.1 Tushen Lissafi

Za a iya wakilta tsarin hukuncin ADESS ta hanyar lissafi kamar haka:

$P_A = D_A \times e^{\lambda \times \Delta t}$

Inda:

$P_A$ = Matsakaicin wahalar da aka gyara da hukunci na sarkar mahara
$D_A$ = Ainihin wahalar haƙa ma'adinai na sarkar mahara
$\lambda$ = Sigar girma hukunci
$\Delta t$ = Jinkirin lokaci tsakanin watsa sarkoki

Ana sa ran farashin harin kashe kuɗi sau biyu a ƙarƙashin ADESS ya zama:

$E[Cost_{ADESS}] = \int_0^T h(t) \times e^{\lambda t} \times c \, dt$

Inda $h(t)$ aikin hashrate ne kuma $c$ farashin kowane raka'a hashrate ne.

2.2 Aiwatar da Tsari

ADESS yana gyara algorithm ɗin zaɓin sarkar don haɗa nazarin ɗan lokaci. Nodes suna kiyaye ƙarin bayanan bayanai game da lokutan buga tubalan kuma suna amfani da wannan bayanin yayin abubuwan sake tsara sarkar.

3 Sakamakon Gwaji

Masu binciken sun gudanar da simintin gyare-gyare kwatanta ADESS da tsarukan PoW na gargajiya a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na kai hari.

3.1.1 Yiwuwar Nasarar Kai Hari

Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa ADESS yana rage yuwuwar nasarar harin kashe kuɗi sau biyu da kashi 45-68% idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun tsarukan PoW, ya danganta da sigogin cibiyar sadarwa da kashi na hashrate mai kai hari.

3.1.2 Nazarin Farashin Tattalin Arziki

Binciken ya nuna cewa ga kowane ƙimar ma'amala, akwai saitin hukunci a cikin ADESS wanda ke sa a yi hasashen ribar hare-haren kashe kuɗi sau biyu ya zama mara kyau, yana hana mahara masu hankali yadda ya kamata.

3.1 Nazarin Tsaro

ADESS yana kiyaye irin wannan garanti na tsaro kamar na gargajiya na PoW ga mahalarta masu gaskiya yayin da yake ƙara farashin kai hari sosai. Tsarin ya fi dacewa lokacin da wahalar haƙa ma'adinai ke daidaitawa akai-akai tsakanin gajerun tazara na tubalan.

Ƙaruwar Farashin Kai Hari

2.3x - 5.7x

Farashi mafi girma don hare-hare masu nasara

Rage Yiwuwar Nasarar

45% - 68%

Rage yawan nasarar kai hari

4 Aiwatar da Lamba

A ƙasa akwai sauƙaƙan pseudocode na aiwatar da algorithm ɗin zaɓin sarkar ADESS:

function selectCanonicalChain(chains):
    // Tace sarkoki masu isasshen aiki
    valid_chains = filter(lambda c: c.total_difficulty > THRESHOLD, chains)
    
    // Nemo uba na gama gari kuma a lissafta jinkirin lokaci
    fork_block = findCommonAncestor(valid_chains)
    time_delays = calculateBroadcastDelays(valid_chains, fork_block)
    
    // Aiwatar da hukuncin ADESS
    for chain in valid_chains:
        if isPotentialAttacker(chain, time_delays):
            penalty = exp(PENALTY_RATE * time_delays[chain])
            chain.effective_difficulty = chain.total_difficulty / penalty
        else:
            chain.effective_difficulty = chain.total_difficulty
    
    // Zaɓi sarkar tare da mafi girman wahala mai tasiri
    return max(valid_chains, key=lambda c: c.effective_difficulty)

function isPotentialAttacker(chain, delays):
    return delays[chain] > ATTACKER_THRESHOLD

5 Nazari na Asali

Tsarin ADESS yana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin tsaron blockchain na Aikin Buga, yana magance muhimman raunuka waɗanda suka dawwama tun farkon Bitcoin. Ba kamar hanyoyin gargajiya waɗanda suka mai da hankali ne kawai akan tarin aiki ba, ADESS yana gabatar da nazarin ɗan lokaci a matsayin matakin tsaro, yana ƙirƙirar hanyar kariya mai fuskoki da yawa. Wannan hanya ta yi daidai da sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin tsaron blockchain waɗanda suka haɗa da tattalin arzikin ɗabi'a da ka'idar wasa, kama da yadda canjin Ethereum zuwa Proof-of-Stake ya gabatar da sharuɗɗan yankewa dangane da halayen mai tantancewa.

Ta fuskar fasaha, tsarin hukunci mai yawa na ADESS yana haifar da hana mahara na tattalin arziki. Tsarin lissafi $P_A = D_A \times e^{\lambda \times \Delta t}$ yana tabbatar da cewa farashin kai hari yana girma da sauri tare da lokaci, yana sa hare-hare masu dorewa su zama marasa yuwuwa a fannin tattalin arziki. Wannan hanya tana da kamanceceniya ta ra'ayi da algorithm ɗin daidaita wahalar Bitcoin amma tana amfani da ra'ayin yawa ga tsaro maimakon ƙa'idar haƙa ma'adinai.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin hana kashe kuɗi sau biyu kamar Checkpointing ko yarjejeniyar Avalanche, ADESS yana kiyaye yanayin rarraba PoW yayin da yake ƙara ƙaramin kayan aiki na lissafi. Tasirin tsarin a cikin simintin gyare-gyare—yana nuna raguwar kashi 45-68% cikin yuwuwar nasarar kai hari—yana nuna yuwuwar aiki. Duk da haka, dogaro da daidaitaccen daidaitawar lokaci tsakanin nodes yana gabatar da ƙalubale na aiwatarwa waɗanda ke buƙatar yin tsarin cibiyar sadarwa a hankali, tuno da matsalolin amincin alamar lokaci da aka tattauna a cikin takardar farin Bitcoin kanta.

Binciken yana ba da gudummawa ga faffadan yanayin tsaron blockchain ta hanyar nuna cewa gyare-gyaren tsari ba dole ba ne su zama juyin juya hali don yin tasiri. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin takardar CycleGAN (Zhu et al., 2017), wani lokaci mafi tasirin ƙirƙira suna zuwa daga ƙirar sake haɗawa da abubuwan da suka wanzu maimakon sababbin hanyoyi gaba ɗaya. ADESS yana bin wannan tsari ta hanyar haɗa nazarin ɗan lokaci tare da ƙwararrun tattalin arziki a cikin wata sabuwar hanya wanda zai iya yin tasiri ga ƙirar tsarin blockchain na gaba fiye da tsarin PoW kawai.

6 Ayyuka na Gaba

Tsarin ADESS yana da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da yawa na gaba da hanyoyin ci gaba:

6.1 Tsaro Tsakanin Sarkoki

Za a iya daidaita ƙa'idodin ADESS zuwa gadoji na sarkoki da tsarukan haɗin kai, inda nazarin ɗan lokaci zai iya taimakawa hana hare-haren gada da kuma tabbatar da atomicity a cikin ma'amalar sarkoki.

6.2 Tsare-tsaren Yarjejeniya Guda Iri

Haɗin kai tare da Proof-of-Stake da sauran algorithms na yarjejeniya zai iya ƙirƙirar tsarin guda iri waɗanda ke amfani da fasalolin tsaro na ɗan lokaci na ADESS yayin da suke amfana da ingantaccen kuzarin hanyoyin yarjejeniya madadin.

6.3 Tsarin Biyan Kuɗi na Ainihi

Ga masu sarrafa biyan kuɗi na cryptocurrency da musayar, ADESS zai iya ba da damar ƙarin gaggawar ƙarshe tare da garanti mafi girma na tsaro, yana iya rage lokacin tabbatarwa don manyan ma'amalar ma'amala.

6.4 Haɓaka Kwangilar Smart

Aikin nan gaba zai iya haɗa ra'ayoyin ADESS cikin dandamali na kwangila mai wayo, yana barin kwangiloli su daidaita sigogin tsaro bisa halayen sarkar ɗan lokaci.

7 Nassoshi

Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer
Wood, G. (2021). Ethereum: Rumbun Adana Ma'amala Gabaɗaya Mai Tsaro
Zhu, J. Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna zuwa Hotuna mara Biyu ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Sadarwa masu Daidaitaccen Zagaye. Taron Kasa da Kasa na IEEE akan Kwamputa na Gani
Buterin, V. (2014). Dandamali na Kwangila mai wayo na Zamani da Dandamali na Aikace-aikacen Rarraba
Garay, J., Kiayias, A., & Leonardos, N. (2015). Tsarin Kashin Bayan Bitcoin: Nazari da Aikace-aikace
MIT Digital Currency Initiative (2020). Mai bin Sake Tsarin 51%
Singer, A. (2019). Hare-haren 51% na Ethereum Classic: Bayan Mutuwa
Lovejoy, J. (2020). Fahimta da Rage Hare-haren 51% akan Blockchains na Aikin Buga