ADESS: Tsarin Aikin Nema don Hana Hare-haren Kashe Kuɗi Sau Biyu

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1 Gabatarwa

Raunin asali a cikin blockchains na aikin nema (PoW) yana cikin ikon mahara su sake rubuta tarihin ma'amala ta hanyar raba ɓangarorin da aka buga a baya da kuma gina madadin sassan sarkar tare da jerin ma'amala daban-daban. Lokacin da sarkar mahara ta taru da wahalar wasan ma'adinai fiye da babban sarkar da ke akwai, an tilasta nodes su gane ta a matsayin halatta. Wannan rauni yana ba da damar hare-haren kashe kuɗi sau biyu, inda mahara za su iya soke canja wurin tokens da aka rubuta akan sarkar asali.

1.1 Gyare-gyaren ADESS guda biyu

ADESS ta gabatar da manyan gyare-gyare guda biyu ga ka'idojin PoW da suka wanzu. Gyaran farko yana ba da damar gano sarkokin mahara ta hanyar nazarin jerin ɓangarorin na ɗan lokaci. Na biyu yana sanya hukunce-hukuncen ƙari akan maharan da aka gano, wanda ke ƙara yawan ƙimar lissafi da ake buƙata don sanya sarkokin da aka raba su zama na halitta.

2 Tsarin Fasaha

2.1 Gano Tsarin ɗan Hari

Tsarin ganowa yana amfani da tsarin ɗabi'ar masu kai hari na kashe kuɗi sau biyu. Lokacin da Bob ya karɓi tokens daga Alice, yana jiran tabbatar da ma'amala ta hanyar ɓangarori da yawa kafin ya isar da kaya ko ayyuka. A halin yanzu, Alice a ɓoye tana gina madadin sarkar amma tana jinkirta watsa shirinta har sai bayan ta karɓi abin musayar Bob. ADESS tana amfani da wannan tsarin jinkirin watsa shiri don gano sarkokin mahara masu yuwuwa.

2.2 Tsarin Hukunci Mai Ƙari

Da zarar an gano sarkar mahara, ADESS tana aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen ƙari waɗanda ke buƙatar maharan su yi amfani da ƙimar hashrate mai ƙaruwa don sanya sarkar su ta zama ta halitta. Hukuncin yana girma tare da zurfin raba sarkar, yana sa ci gaba da kai hari ya zama mara amfani a fuskar tattalin arziki.

3 Tsarin Lissafi

Ka'idar ADESS ta gabatar da aikin hukunci $P(d) = \alpha \cdot \beta^d$ inda:

• $P(d)$ yana wakiltar hukunci a zurfin raba sarkar $d$
• $\alpha$ shine ma'auni na hukunci na asali
• $\beta$ shine ma'aunin girma mai ƙari ($\beta > 1$)
• $d$ shine adadin ɓangarorin tun lokacin raba sarkar

Matsalar haƙƙin ma'adinai mai inganci ga maharan ya zama $D_{eff} = D \cdot P(d)$, inda $D$ shine matsalar haƙƙin ma'adinai na suna.

4 Sakamakon Gwaji

Masu binciken sun nuna sakamako guda biyu masu mahimmanci ta hanyar kwaikwayo da binciken lissafi:

1. Ana sa ran farashin hare-haren kashe kuɗi sau biyu ya fi girma a ƙarƙashin ADESS idan aka kwatanta da ka'idojin PoW na gargajiya
2. Ga kowane ƙimar ma'amala, akwai saitin hukunci wanda ke sa yawan ribar hare-haren kashe kuɗi sau biyu ya zama mara kyau

5 Aiwar Code

A ƙasa akwai sauƙaƙƙen aiwar code na tsarin zaɓin sarkar ADESS:

function selectCanonicalChain(chains):
    // Nemo ɓangaren kakanni na gama gari
    common_ancestor = findCommonAncestor(chains)
    
    // Gano sarkokin mahara masu yuwuwa dangane da lokacin watsa shiri
    potential_attackers = identifyLateBroadcastChains(chains, common_ancestor)
    
    // Aiwa hukunce-hukuncen ƙari akan sarkoki da aka gano
    for chain in chains:
        if chain in potential_attackers:
            fork_depth = current_block_height - common_ancestor.height
            penalty = base_penalty * (growth_factor ^ fork_depth)
            chain.score = calculateCumulativeDifficulty(chain) / penalty
        else:
            chain.score = calculateCumulativeDifficulty(chain)
    
    // Zaɓi sarkar mafi girman maki da aka daidaita
    return chain with maximum score

6 Bincike da Tattaunawa

Ka'idar ADESS tana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin tsaron blockchain na PoW ta hanyar magance raunin asali na kashe kuɗi sau biyu wanda ya addabi cryptocurrencies tun farkon Bitcoin. Ba kamar hanyoyin gargajiya waɗanda suka dogara kawai da wahala ta tarawa ba, ADESS ta gabatar da nazarin ɗan lokaci na jerin ɓangarorin, yana ƙirƙirar ƙirar tsaro mai zurfi. Wannan hanya ta yi daidai da bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin tsaron blockchain, kamar aikin Gervais et al. (2016) akan ƙididdige rarrabuwar kawuna na ka'idojin yarjejeniya, wanda ke jaddada mahimmancin haɗa sassan tsaro da yawa.

Tsarin hukunci mai ƙari a cikin ADESS yana da ƙirƙira musamman saboda yana ƙirƙirar tsarin tsaro mai daidaitawa. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin Takaddun Fari na Bitcoin (Nakamoto, 2008), tsarin tsaro na tsarin aikin nema ya dogara da gaskiya nodes suna sarrafa mafi yawan ikon CPU. ADESS ta ƙarfafa wannan ka'ida ta hanyar sa ya fi wahala ga maharan su ci gaba da sarkokin magudi a kan lokaci. Wannan hanya tana da kamanceceniya ta ra'ayi tare da tsarin bam na wahala na Ethereum amma tana amfani da shi musamman don hana hari maimakon haɓaka ka'ida.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin hana kashe kuɗi sau biyu kamar Checkpointing (da ake amfani dashi a Bitcoin Cash) ko yarjejeniyar Avalanche (kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin Takaddun Fari na Avalanche), ADESS tana kiyaye yanayin rashin izini na PoW na gargajiya yayin ƙara ingantaccen ganowar hari. Tasirin ka'idar a cikin kwaikwayon yana nuna cewa zai iya hana hare-hare na ainihi kamar kashe kuɗi sau biyu na Ethereum Classic na 2019, wanda a cewar MIT Digital Currency Initiative ya haifar da asarar miliyoyin daloli.

Daga mahangar aiwatarwa, ADESS tana nuna yadda gyare-gyaren ka'ida masu zurfi zasu iya haifar da ingantaccen tsaro ba tare da buƙatar canje-canjen gine-gine na asali ba. Wannan hanya ta bambanta da sauran ƙetare mai ƙarfi kamar Proof-of-Stake (kamar yadda aka aiwatar a Ethereum 2.0) ko Tsarin Daki-daki na Acyclic (DAG) (kamar yadda ake amfani dashi a IOTA), yana nuna cewa ci gaba na ci gaba na ka'idojin da suka wanzu ya kasance hanya mai inganci don haɓaka tsaron blockchain.

7 Ayyuka na Gaba

Ka'idar ADESS tana da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa fiye da tsaron cryptocurrency:

• Blockchain na Kamfani: Ingantaccen tsaro don ayyukan sarkar kayan masarufi da na kuɗi
• Gadoji na Tsakanin Sarka: Ingantaccen tsaro don ka'idojin haɗin gwiwa
• Kuɗin Raba Kowa: Ƙarin kariya don manyan ma'amaloli na DeFi
• Cibiyoyin Sadarwar IoT: Tsaron na'urori a cikin tsarin IoT da aka rarraba

Hanyoyin bincike na gaba sun haɗa da:

• Haɗawa tare da gine-ginen blockchain da aka raba
• Daidaitawa don ka'idojin yarjejeniya na shaidar hannun jari
• Ingantaccen koyon inji don ganowar tsarin hari
• Tabbacin tabbacin garanti na tsaro

8 Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer
2. Wood, G. (2021). Ethereum: Tsarin Leddafen Gama Gari Mai Tsaro da Rarraba
3. Gervais, A., et al. (2016). Akan Tsaro da Aiki na Blockchains na Proof of Work
4. Rocket, T., et al. (2020). Avalanche: Sabuwar Ka'idar Yarjejeniya
5. MIT Digital Currency Initiative (2020). Mai bin diddigin sake tsara 51%
6. Lovejoy, J. (2021). Hare-haren 51% na Ethereum Classic: Binciken Bayan Mutuwa na Fasaha
7. Singer, A. (2019). Binciken Hare-haren Kashe Kuɗi Sau Biyu akan Ethereum Classic