Bitcoin Mining Power Destruction Attacks with Petty-Compliant Pools

Table of Contents

• 1 Gabatarwa
• 2 Hare-haren Lalata Karfin Hakowa
  • 2.1 Binciken Haɗin Kai
  • 2.2 Harin Cin Hanci
  • 2.3 Mining Distraction Attack
• 3 Technical Framework
  • 3.1 Tsarukan Lissafi
  • 3.2 Sakamakon Gwaji
• 4 Analysis Framework Example
• 5 Future Applications & Directions
• 6 References

1 Gabatarwa

Tsaron Bitcoin na dogaro ne a kan tsarin yarjejeniyar Tabbatar da Aiki, inda masu haƙo ma'adinai ke gasa don warware matsalolin sirri. Tsarin daidaita wahala na cibiyar sadarwa (DAM) yana saita wahalar wasa bisa ikon haƙo ma'adinai da ake da shi. Wannan takarda tana bincikar yadda abokan gaba za su iya amfani da DAM ta hanyar lalata ikon haƙo ma'adinai a cikin yanayi tare da rukunonin haƙo ma'adinai masu bin ka'ida—wadanda za su iya karkata daga halin gaskiya lokacin da yayi ma'ana ta tattalin arziki.

2 Hare-haren Lalata Karfin Hakowa

2.1 Binciken Haɗin Kai

Selfish mining yana haɗa da ɓoyewa da gangan ginshiƙan da aka gano don sakataga ginshiƙan masu fafatawa. Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa hakar ma'adinai na son kai yana zama mafi lalata lokacin da ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai mara adawa ya kasance da kyau a rarraba a cikin tafkuna, sabanin zato na gama gari cewa maida hankali yana ƙara rauni.

2.2 Harin Cin Hanci

Mun gabatar da wani sabon harin cin hanci inda tafkunan maƙiya ke ƙarfafa ƙananan tafkuna masu bin doka don sakataga ginshiƙan wasu. Ga ƙananan tafkuna, wannan hari ya fi dabarun gargajiya kamar selfish mining ko rage ƙarfi, tare da lissafin farashin cin hanci kamar $C_b = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i \cdot R$ inda $\alpha_i$ ke wakiltar rabon hakar ma'adinai na tafkin i kuma R shine ladan ginshiƙi.

2.3 Mining Distraction Attack

Mining distraction attack yana ƙarfafa ma'adinan su yi watsi da wasan Bitcoin don mafi sauƙin hanyoyin da za a iya maye gurbinsu, yana ɓata ƙarfin ma'adinai yadda ya kamata ba tare da samar da shaidar toshe marayu ba. Wannan hanya ta ɓoye tana amfani da DAM makamancin haka amma tana barin ƙananan alamun bincike.

3 Technical Framework

3.1 Tsarukan Lissafi

Lissafin kudaden shiga na dabarun hako ma'adinai sun haɗa da abubuwan rarraba tafki: $R_{adv} = \frac{\alpha}{\alpha + \beta(1-d)} \cdot B$ inda $\alpha$ ke wakiltar ƙarfin adawa, $\beta$ ƙarfin gaskiya, d shine kashi na ƙarfin da aka lalata, kuma B ladan tubalin. Daidaitawar wahala tana bin $D_{new} = D_{old} \cdot \frac{T_{expected}}{T_{actual}}$ inda T ke wakiltar lokutan lokaci.

3.2 Sakamakon Gwaji

Simulations show bribery attacks achieve 15-23% higher profitability than selfish mining for adversaries controlling 20-35% of network power. Distraction attacks demonstrated 18% difficulty reduction over three adjustment periods without producing orphan chains.

4 Analysis Framework Example

Rage rage rage: Yi laakari ta uku masu bin ƙa'ida da ke sarrafa 15%, 20%, da 25% na ikon cibiyar sadarwa. Maƙiyin da ke sarrafa 30% na iko yana aiwatar da harin cin hanci ta hanyar ba da 60% na ladan toshe ga tafkin 15% don kawar da tubalan daga tafkin 25%. Kudin shiga na maƙiyin ya karu daga 30% zuwa 42% bayan harin yayin da wahalar ya ragu da 18% a cikin zamani na gaba.

5 Future Applications & Directions

Bincike na gaba ya kamata ya binciko hare-haren karkatar da sarƙoƙi inda maƙiya suka yi niyya a lokaci guda kan manyan kuɗaɗen da ke raba hanyoyin haƙo ma'adinai. Hanyoyin kariya da suka haɗa da daidaita wahalar lokaci-lokaci da sa ido kan halayen tafki suna wakiltar jagorori masu ban sha'awa. Haɓaka ƙarfin haƙo ma'adinai a cikin tafkuna kamar Foundry USA da AntPool (waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan 55% a haɗe a cikin 2024) yana ƙara raunin ga waɗannan hare-haren.

6 References

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
2. Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2014). Majority is not Enough: Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable
3. Gervais, A., et al. (2016). On the Security and Performance of Proof of Work Blockchains
4. Bitcoin Mining Council Q4 2023 Report

Expert Analysis: Core Insight, Logical Flow, Strengths & Flaws, Actionable Insights

Core Insight: Wannan binciken ya bayyana raunin tattalin arzikin Bitcoin na asali—tsarin daidaitawa mai wahala da kansa ya zama hanyar kai hari lokacin da ma'adinan ma'adinai suka yi aiki da hankali. Babbar gudummawar takardar ta ta'allaka ne a cikin nuna yadda abubuwan da ake ganin ƙananan ƙa'idodi suka haifar da manyan abubuwan karfafa tattalin arziki don lalata maimakon gina ikon hakar ma'adinai.

Logical Flow: Hujjar tana ci gaba bisa tsari daga ingantattun ra'ayoyin hakar ma'adinai na son kai zuwa ga sabbin hare-haren cin hanci da yin karkatacciyar hanya. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa rarraba tafkin yana da mahimmanci fiye da maida hankali—wani binciken da ya saba wa hankali wanda ke kalubalantar hikimar al'ada. Tsarin lissafinsu ya nuna daidai yadda halin da ake biyayya ga ƙananan abubuwa ya canza ƙarfin adawa mai iyaka zuwa tasiri mara daidaituwa.

Strengths & Flaws: Ƙarfin takardar yana cikin ƙirar barazanar ta gaskiya da ta yarda cewa masu haƙo ma'adinai ba masu kishin ƙasa ba ne. Duk da haka, ta raina farashin haɗin gwiwar harin cin hanci da rashawa kuma ta yi watsi da yadda binciken blockchain (kamar waɗanda Chainalysis ya ɓullo da su) zai iya gano irin waɗannan alamu. Ra'ayin harin ɓarna yana da sabon abu amma ya rasa bincike kan ƙalubalen aiwatarwa na ainihi.

Hanyoyin Aiki Masu Amfani: Masu haɓaka Bitcoin yakamata su yi la'akari da gyara algorithm ɗin daidaiton wahala don haɗa ma'aunin ƙashin marayu kamar yadda aka ba da shawara a Shawarar Haɓaka Bitcoin 320. Rukunin ma'adinan dole ne su aiwatar da ingantaccen tabbatar da tushen toshe, kuma musayar yakamata su saka idanu akan ƙirar marayu marasa al'ada. Binciken ya nuna cewa tsarin Proof-of-Stake kamar Ethereum na iya tsayayya da waɗannan hare-haren a asalce—wani binciken da ya cancanci zurfafa bincike idan aka yi la'akari da nasarar canjin Ethereum daga PoW.

Binciken nan ya haɗa da mafi faɗin wallafe-wallafen tsaro na blockchain, musamman aikin Gervais et al. akan raunin PoW da kuma binciken tattalin arziki a cikin takarda 'CycleGAN' kan magudin ƙwaƙƙwaran abubuwa. Yayin da haɗakar ma'adinan ke ci gaba (tare da tafkuna 4 da ke sarrafa kusan 80% na hashrate na Bitcoin), waɗannan hare-haren suna ƙara yiwuwa. Takardar tana ba da mahimman bayanai ga duka masu kai hari da masu karewa a cikin gwagwarmayar tsaro ta blockchain da ke gudana.