Hakar Ma'adinai Mai Son Kai A Tsarin Blockchain: Bincike Kan Tafkunan Ma'adinai Da Yawa Da Tasirin Tsaro

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Fasahar Blockchain, tun lokacin da aka gabatar da Bitcoin a shekara ta 2008, ta kawo sauyi mai girma ga tsarin mulki maras tsakiya ta hanyar tsarin yarjejeniyar Shaida-Aiki (PoW). Duk da haka, tsaron PoW yana fuskantar kalubale masu mahimmanci daga halayen hakar ma'adinai na dabarun, musamman ma hakar ma'adinai mai son kai. Wannan takarda tana magana ne akan muhimmin tambaya ta yadda tafkunan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa da ba su da kyau suke shafar ribar dabarun hakar ma'adinai mai son kai.

Hakar ma'adinai mai son kai ya ƙunshi masu hakar ma'adinai suna kiyaye sassan sarƙoƙi na sirri kuma suna bayyana tubalan da dabarun su don samun ladan da bai dace da ƙarfin lissafin su na ainihi ba. Yayin da binciken da ya gabata ya mayar da hankali kan masu hakar ma'adinai mai son kai guda ɗaya, aikinmu ya faɗaɗa wannan bincike zuwa tafkuna masu yawa masu fafatawa, yana ba da ƙima mafi dacewa game da barazanar tsaron blockchain.

2. Bayanan Baya da Ayyukan Da Suka Danganci

2.1 Blockchain da Shaida-Aiki

Tsaron blockchain na Bitcoin ya dogara ne akan wasu takamaiman ƙididdiga na sirri (cryptographic hash puzzles) waɗanda ake warwarewa ta hanyar ƙididdiga masu zurfi. Masu hakar ma'adinai suna fafatawa don nemo tubalan da suka dace, inda masu hakar ma'adinai masu nasara suka sami ladan kuɗin sirri (cryptocurrency). Yarjejeniyar PoW ita ce tushen kusan kashi 90% na blockchain na jama'a.

2.2 Tushen Hakar Ma'adinai Mai Son Kai

Babban aikin Eyal da Sirer ya nuna cewa hakar ma'adinai mai son kai yana samun riba lokacin da mai hakar ma'adinai ya mallaki fiye da kashi 25% na jimlar ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai (hash rate). Bincike na gaba da yin amfani da Tsarin Yankin Shawarar Markov (MDP) ya rage wannan iyaka zuwa kusan kashi 23.21%. Duk da haka, waɗannan binciken sun ɗauka cewa mai hakar ma'adinai mai son kai guda ɗaya ne, suna watsi da yanayin gaskiya na tafkuna masu yawa masu fafatawa.

3. Hanyoyin Bincike da Tsari

3.1 Tsarin Silsilar Markov

Mun kafa sabon tsarin silsilar Markov don siffanta sauye-sauye na jiha tsakanin sassan sarƙoƙi na jama'a da na sirri. Tsarin yana la'akari da wani tafki na gaskiya wanda ke wakiltar duk masu hakar ma'adinai masu gaskiya da kuma tafkunan hakar ma'adinai mai son kai guda biyu waɗanda ba su san matsayin rashin da'a na juna ba.

An ayyana sararin jiha ta hanyar tsayin dangi na sassan sarƙoƙi na sirri da na jama'a, tare da sauye-sauyen da abubuwan da suka faru na hakar ma'adinai da bayyanar da tubalan dabarun suke haifarwa.

3.2 Bincike Kan Canjin Jiha

Bincikenmu ya rarraba duk yiwuwar abubuwan da suka haifar da canje-canje a cikin jihohin sarkar, ciki har da:

• Masu hakar ma'adinai masu gaskiya suna samun sabbin tubalan akan sarkar jama'a
• Masu hakar ma'adinai mai son kai suna faɗaɗa sassan sarƙoƙinsu na sirri
• Bayyanar da dabarun sassan sarƙoƙi na sirri
• Tsarin sake tsara sarkoki da tubalan da ba su da uba (orphaned blocks)

4. Sakamako da Bincike

4.1 Iyakokin Riba

Tsarinmu na lissafi ya haifar da bayyanannun maganganu don iyakokin riba. Ga masu hakar ma'adinai mai son kai masu daidaito, mafi ƙarancin buƙatun ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai (hash rate) ya ragu zuwa kashi 21.48%, wanda ya yi ƙasa sosai da asalin iyakar kashi 25%.

Duk da haka, gasa tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai mai son kai marasa daidaito yana ƙara iyakar riba, yana sa ya fi wahala ga ƙananan tafkuna su amfana daga dabarun hakar ma'adinai mai son kai.

4.2 Bincike Kan Halayen Wucin Gadi

Jinkirin riba yana ƙaruwa yayin da ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai (hash rate) na masu hakar ma'adinai mai son kai ya ragu. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ƙananan tafkunan hakar ma'adinai dole ne su jira tsawon lokaci don gane riba daga hakar ma'adinai mai son kai, yana sa dabarun ba su da ban sha'awa ga tafkunan da ke da ƙayyadaddun albarkatun lissafi.

Idan ba tare da gyare-gyaren wahala na gaba ba, hakar ma'adinai mai son kai yana ɓata ƙarfin lissafi kuma baya samun riba a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

5. Aiwarar da Fasaha

5.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya wakiltar tsarin silsilar Markov ta hanyar matrix mai yuwuwar canzawa $P$ tare da jihohi $S = \{s_1, s_2, ..., s_n\}$. Rarraba yanayin kwanciyar hankali $π$ yana gamsar da:

$$π P = π$$

$$\sum_{i=1}^{n} π_i = 1$$

An ba da sharadin riba don hakar ma'adinai mai son kai ta hanyar:

$$R_{son kai} > R_{gaskiya} = α$$

inda $α$ ke wakiltar rabon ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai (hash rate) na mai hakar ma'adinai.

5.2 Aiwarar da Lambar Tsarin Aiki (Code)

A ƙasa akwai aiwatar da tsarin aikin Python na ƙima (pseudocode) don kwaikwayon halayen hakar ma'adinai mai son kai:

class SelfishMiningSimulator:
    def __init__(self, alpha, gamma=0.5):
        self.alpha = alpha  # ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai (hash rate) na mai hakar ma'adinai mai son kai
        self.gamma = gamma  # yuwuwar karɓar sarkar mai son kai
        
    def simulate_round(self, state):
        """Kwaikwayi zagaye ɗaya na hakar ma'adinai"""
        if random() < self.alpha:
            # Mai hakar ma'adinai mai son kai ya sami tubali
            return self.selfish_found_block(state)
        else:
            # Mai hakar ma'adinai mai gaskiya ya sami tubali
            return self.honest_found_block(state)
    
    def calculate_profitability(self, rounds=10000):
        """Ƙididdigar riba na dogon lokaci"""
        total_rewards = 0
        state = {'private_lead': 0, 'public_chain': 0}
        
        for _ in range(rounds):
            state = self.simulate_round(state)
            total_rewards += self.calculate_reward(state)
        
        return total_rewards / rounds

6. Aikace-aikace na Gaba da Jagorori

Fahimtar daga wannan binciken yana da muhimman tasiri ga tsaron blockchain da ƙirar tsarin yarjejeniya. Aikin nan gaba ya kamata ya mayar da hankali kan:

• Haɓaka hanyoyin gano halayen hakar ma'adinai mai son kai a cikin ainihin lokaci
• Ƙirƙirar ka'idojin yarjejeniya masu jure wa hakar ma'adinai mai son kai na tafkuna masu yawa
• Bincika tasirin jinkirin yaɗa hanyar sadarwa akan ribar hakar ma'adinai mai son kai
• Faɗaɗa binciken zuwa Shaida-Hannun Jari (Proof-of-Stake) da tsarin yarjejeniya gauraye

Yayin da fasahar blockchain ke ci gaba zuwa Shaida-Hannun Jari na Ethereum 2.0 da sauran hanyoyin yarjejeniya, fahimtar waɗannan hanyoyin kai hari yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye tsaron hanyar sadarwa.

Bincike na Asali

7. Bayanan da Aka Yi Amfani Da Su