Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
Jimlar BEV da aka Cire
$540.54M
Cikin watanni 32
Adiresoshin da abin ya shafa
11,289
Masu cirewar BEV
BEV Guda ɗaya mafi girma
$4.1M
616.6× ladan toshe
1. Gabatarwa
Ƙimar Cirewar Blockchain (BEV) tana wakiltar sauyi na asali a cikin tsarin ƙwaƙƙwaran tattalin arzikin blockchain, inda 'yan kasuwa masu fa'ida ke cire ƙimar kuɗi daga kwangilolin wayo na kuɗi masu zaman kansu (DeFi). Tare da fiye da dala biliyan 90 da aka kulle a cikin ka'idojin DeFi, harkokin kuɗi suna da girma. Ana cirewar BEV ta hanyoyi daban-daban ciki har da hare-haren sandwich, warware basussuka, da damar cin riba waɗanda ke amfani da yanayin ma'amalolin blockchain masu haske.
Matsalar ta asali tana cikin rashin daidaiton bayanai inda masu haƙar ma'adinai ke sarrafa tsari na ma'amala a cikin toshe, suna haifar da damar cire ƙima wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ga tsaron blockchain. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa masu haƙar ma'adinai masu hankali da kashi 10% kawai na hashrate za su raba Ethereum idan damar BEV ta wuce ladan toshe sau 4, wanda ke nuna mummunar illolin tsaro.
2. Tsarin Ƙimar Cirewar Blockchain
2.1 Rarrabe BEV
Ana iya rarraba BEV zuwa manyan hanyoyin kai hari guda uku:
- Hare-haren Sandwich: Gaba-gaba da baya-gaba ma'amalolin wanda aka azabtar a kusa da ayyuka masu muhimmanci farashi
- Warware basussuka: Yin amfani da matsayi maras ƙarfi a cikin ka'idojin bashi
- Cin Riba: Yin amfani da bambance-bambancen farashi a duk faɗin kasuwanni musayar kuɗi masu zaman kansu
2.2 Binciken Tasirin Tattalin Arziki
Bincikenmu ya bayyana ƙididdigar cirewar BEV mai ban mamaki:
- Hare-haren sandwich: Hare-hare 750,529 sun ba da ribar $174.34M
- Warware basussuka: Ma'amaloli 31,057 sun cire $89.18M
- Cin riba: Ma'amaloli 1,151,448 sun samar da $277.02M
3. Hanyar Fasaha
3.1 Algorithm na Maimaita Ma'amala
Mun ƙirƙiri wata sabuwar algorithm na maimaita ma'amala marar amfani wacce za ta iya maye gurbin ma'amalolin da ba a tabbatar da su ba tare da fahimtar dabarun da ke ƙasa ba. Algorithm tana aiki kamar haka:
function replayTransaction(victim_tx, attacker_address) {
// Lura da mempool don ma'amaloli masu riba
if (isProfitable(victim_tx)) {
// Ƙirƙiri ma'amalar maye gurbin tare da babban gas
replacement_tx = createReplacementTx(victim_tx, attacker_address);
replacement_tx.gasPrice = victim_tx.gasPrice * 1.1;
// Mika wa hanyar sadarwa
broadcast(replacement_tx);
return estimateProfit(replacement_tx, victim_tx);
}
}Wannan algorithm ya haifar da kiyasin ribar ETH 57,037.32 ($35.37M USD) cikin watanni 32 na bayanan blockchain.
3.2 Tsarin Lissafi
Ana iya ƙirƙira ribar cirewar BEV ta amfani da ma'auni mai zuwa:
$$P_{BEV} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} (V_i \times \Delta p_i - C_{gas} - C_{risk}) \times S_i$$
Inda:
- $P_{BEV}$ = Jimlar ribar BEV
- $V_i$ = Ƙimar ma'amala don dama $i$
- $\Delta p_i$ = Kashi tasirin farashi
- $C_{gas}$ = Farashin gas
- $C_{risk}$ = Farashin haɗari (ciki har da haɗarin sake tsara sarkar)
- $S_i$ = Yuwuwar nasara
4. Sakamakon Gwaji
4.1 Ƙididdigar Cirewar BEV
Cikakken bincikenmu ya ƙunshi watanni 32 na bayanan blockchain, wanda ya kama:
- Cryptocurrencies daban-daban 49,691
- Kasuwanni 60,830 akan sarkar
- Adiresoshi daban-daban 11,289 suna shiga cikin cirewar BEV
Rarraba BEV a cikin rukuni daban-daban ya nuna cewa cin riba yana wakiltar mafi girman rabo (51.2%), sannan hare-haren sandwich (32.2%) da warware basussuka (16.5%).
4.2 Illolin Tsaro
Bayyanar tsarin isar da BEV mai matsakaici yana ƙara ɓarnar da ake kaiwa ga sashen yarjejeniya. Waɗannan tsare-tsare suna haifar da:
- Ƙara matsakaicin ma'adinai a kusa da ayyukan isar da riba
- Rage haske a cikin tsari na ma'amala
- Ƙarfafa iyawar hare-haren ɓarawo na lokaci
Bincikenmu ya tabbatar da cewa damar BEV sau da yawa tana wuce matakin mahimmanci inda ake ƙarfafa ma'adinai masu hankali su raba sarkar, tare da mafi girman misalin BEV ya kai 616.6× ladan toshe na Ethereum.
5. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike
Yanayin BEV yana ci gaba da haɓaka tare da wasu abubuwan da ke tasowa:
5.1 Dabarun Ragewa
- Ayyukan Tsari na Gaskiya: Dabarun sirri don tsari na gaskiya na ma'amala
- Mempools Cikin Sirri: Hanyoyin mika ma'amala masu kiyaye sirri
- Tsarin Gwanjon BEV: Kasuwanni masu haske don haƙƙin tsari na ma'amala
5.2 Maganin Matakin Yarjejeniya
- Ƙirar sirri don sirrin ma'amala
- Makirci na bayyana makirci don ayyuka masu mahimmanci
- Yarjejeniyar tsari na ma'amala na bazuwar
5.3 Damar Bincike
- Binciken cirewar BEV ta ketare sarkoki
- Rashin ƙarfi na maganin Layer-2
- Tabbacin ƙa'idodin yarjejeniyar da ba ta shafe BEV
Bincike na Asali
Wannan bincike mai ban mamaki na Qin et al. yana ba da cikakken ƙididdiga na farko na Ƙimar Cirewar Blockchain, yana bayyana girman girman dala miliyan 540.54 da aka cire cikin watanni 32. Binciken ya nuna yadda BEV ke canza zato na tsaron blockchain, yana haifar da ƙwaƙƙwaran tattalin arziki wanda zai iya lalata hanyoyin yarjejeniya. Gano cewa misalin BEV guda ɗaya ya kai $4.1M (616.6× ladan toshe na Ethereum) ya tabbatar da damuwa na ka'idar game da ƙarfafawa masu haƙar ma'adinai don sake tsara sarkar.
Gudunmawar fasaha na algorithm na maimaita ma'amala marar amfani tana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyar cirewar BEV. Ba kamar hanyoyin da suka gabata waɗanda ke buƙatar fahimtar ma'anar ma'amala ba, wannan algorithm tana aiki a matakin gaba ɗaya, wanda zai iya ba da damar ƙarin dabarun cirewa masu sarƙaƙƙiya. Wannan ci gaban yayi daidai da juyin halittar dabarun injinan koyon abokin gaba da aka gani a cikin ayyuka kamar CycleGAN (Zhu et al., 2017), inda hanyoyin da ba su da yanki sau da yawa suna haifar da sakamako mai ƙarfi.
Idan aka kwatanta da magudin kasuwanci na tattalin arziki na gargajiya da SEC da masu bincike na ilimi kamar Allen da Gale (1992) suka yi bincike a kai, BEV tana nuna halaye na musamman saboda bayyanannen blockchain. Yayin da kasuwannin gargajiya ke fama da rashin daidaiton bayanai, blockchain suna ba da cikakken bayani amma suna haifar da sababbin rashin daidaito a cikin tsari na ma'amala. Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken daga Bankin Ƙasashen Duniya (2021) game da rashin ƙarfi na DeFi.
Illolin tsaro suna da damuwa musamman. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin binciken Gidauniyar Ethereum akan tsaron yarjejeniya, ƙarfafawar tattalin arziki da ke tafiyar da halayen ma'adinai suna wakiltar barazana ga Tsarin-Tabbatar da Aiki da Tsarin-Tabbatar da Hannun jari iri ɗaya. Bayyanar tsarin isar da BEV mai matsakaici yana haifar da ƙarin matsin lamba na tsakiya, wanda zai iya lalata akidar rarraba tsarin blockchain.
Bincike na gaba ya kamata ya mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙira ƙirar yarjejeniya mai jure wa BEV, wataƙila yana ɗaukar wahayi daga dabarun sirri daban-daban da ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin bayanai (Dwork et al., 2006) da lissafin ɓangarori masu yawa masu tsaro. Sahihin juyin halittar hanyoyin cirewar BEV yana nuna ci gaba da yaƙin makamai tsakanin masu ƙira yarjejeniya da masu cire ƙima, kama da wasan kwaikwayo da aka gani a cikin tsaron cyber.
6. Bayanan da aka ambata
- Zhu, J. Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks. IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.
- Allen, F., & Gale, D. (1992). Stock-Price Manipulation. The Review of Financial Studies.
- Bank for International Settlements. (2021). DeFi risks and the decentralisation illusion. BIS Quarterly Review.
- Dwork, C., McSherry, F., Nissim, K., & Smith, A. (2006). Calibrating Noise to Sensitivity in Private Data Analysis. Theory of Cryptography Conference.
- Ethereum Foundation. (2022). Ethereum Consensus Layer Security Analysis. Ethereum Research.
- Daian, P., et al. (2020). Flash Boys 2.0: Frontrunning, Transaction Reordering, and Consensus Instability in Decentralized Exchanges. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy.
- Torres, C. I., et al. (2021). Frontrunner Jones and the Raiders of the Dark Forest: An Empirical Study of Blockchain Extractable Value. Financial Cryptography.
- Qin, K., Zhou, L., & Gervais, A. (2021). Quantifying Blockchain Extractable Value: How dark is the forest? IEEE Conference on Security and Privacy.