Rashin Yiwuwar Cikakken Rarraba Cikin Blockchains Marasa Izini

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1 Gabatarwa

Kudaden tsakiya na al'ada suna fama da raguwar ayyuka guda ɗaya da cin hanci da rashawa na cibiyoyi, kamar yadda rikicin kuɗi na 2008 ya nuna. Bitcoin ta fito a matsayin farkon kuɗin dijital da aka rarraba ta amfani da fasahar blockchain don kawar da ikon tsakiya. Duk da haka, duk da burinta na rarrabawa, tsarin tabbatar da aiki (PoW) na Bitcoin ya haifar da gagarumin tattara iko a cikin tarkacen ma'adinai.

Matsalar rarrabawa ta wuce PoW zuwa tsarin tabbatar da hannun jari (PoS) da tsarin tabbatar da hannun jari da aka ba da izini (DPoS), wanda ke nuna manyan iyakoki a cikin tsarin ƙarfafawa na blockchain.

2 Bayanan Baya

2.1 Hanyoyin Yarjejeniya

Ka'idojin yarjejeniyar blockchain suna daidaita ra'ayoyin nodes yayin hana mugunta:

• Tabbatar da Aiki (PoW): Ƙarfin lissafi yana ƙayyade haƙƙin ƙirƙirar toshe
• Tabbatar da Hannun Jari (PoS): Mallakar hannun jari yana rinjayar yuwuwar tabbatarwa
• Tabbatar da Hannun Jari da aka Ba da Izinin (DPoS): Masu riƙe da alama suna zaɓar masu tabbatarwa

2.2 Ma'aunin Rarrabawa

Ma'auni da ake da su sun haɗa da ma'auni na Gini, ma'auni na Nakamoto, da Fihirisar Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI). Takardar ta gabatar da ƙarin tsari mai tsauri.

3 Tsarin Samfuri

3.1 (m,ε,δ)-Rarrabawa

Takardar ta ayyana $(m,\epsilon,\delta)$-rarrabawa a matsayin yanayin da ya gamsar da:

1. Aƙalla mahalarta $m$ suna gudanar da nodes
2. Matsakaicin ƙarfin albarkatun gabaɗaya na nodes da mafi arziki ke gudanarwa da na mahalarta kashi $\delta$ na ɗari shine $\leq 1+\epsilon$

Lokacin da $m$ ya yi girma kuma $\epsilon=\delta=0$, wannan yana wakiltar cikakken rarrabawa.

3.2 Ma'anar Farashin Sybil

An ayyana farashin Sybil a matsayin bambanci tsakanin farashin ɗayan ɗan takara yana gudanar da nodes da yawa da jimlar farashin mahalarta da yawa kowannensu yana gudanar da node ɗaya:

$$C_{sybil} = C_{multi} - \sum_{i=1}^{n} C_{single_i}$$

Inda $C_{multi}$ shine farashin wata cibiya guda ɗaya tana gudanar da nodes $n$, kuma $C_{single_i}$ shine farashin mutum ɗaya $i$ yana gudanar da node ɗaya.

4 Bincike na Ka'idoji

4.1 Sakamakon Rashin Yiwuwa

Takardar ta tabbatar da cewa ba tare da ingantaccen farashin Sybil ba, cimma $(m,\epsilon,\delta)$-rarrabawa yana da iyaka ta yuwuwa. Iyakar yuwuwar ita ce:

$$P(\text{rarrabawa}) \leq g(f_\delta)$$

inda $f_\delta$ shine matsakaicin tsakanin ƙarfin albarkatun na kashi $\delta$ na ɗari da mahalarta mafi arziki.

4.2 Iyakan Yiwuwa

Ga ƙananan ƙimar $f_\delta$ (wanda ke nuna babban rashin daidaiton arziki), iyakar ta kusanci 0, yana sa rarrabawa kusan ba zai yiwu ba tare da farashin Sybil.

5 Sakamakon Gwaji

Binciken ya nuna ta hanyar kwaikwayi cewa:

• Tsarin da ba su da farashin Sybil suna saurin tsakaita, tare da ma'auni na Gini suna kusanci 0.9
• Ko da ƙananan farashin Sybil mai kyau ($C_{sybil} > 0$) suna inganta ma'aunin rarrabawa sosai
• Tsarin blockchain na yanzu suna nuna ƙimar $f_\delta$ a ƙasa da 0.01, yana sa rarrabawa ba zai yiwu ba ta yuwuwa

6 Aiwatar da Fasaha

Pseudocode: Lissafin Farashin Sybil

function calculateSybilCost(participants):
    total_single_cost = 0
    multi_node_cost = 0
    
    for participant in participants:
        single_cost = computeNodeCost(participant.resources)
        total_single_cost += single_cost
        
    # Lissafa farashi ga cibiya guda ɗaya tana gudanar da duk nodes
    combined_resources = sum(p.resources for p in participants)
    multi_node_cost = computeNodeCost(combined_resources) * sybil_multiplier
    
    sybil_cost = multi_node_cost - total_single_cost
    return max(0, sybil_cost)

function computeNodeCost(resources, base_cost=1, scale_factor=0.8):
    # Tattalin arzikin sikelin yana rage farashin kowane node ga manyan masu aiki
    return base_cost * (resources ** scale_factor)

7 Aikace-aikace na Gaba

Yuwuwar kwatance don cimma mafi kyawun rarrabawa:

• Farashin Sybil na Tushen Albarkatu: Bukatun kayan aiki na zahiri ko amfani da makamashi
• Tsarin Asalin Zamantakewa: Tsarin asali mai rarrabawa tare da farashin tushen suna
• Yarjejeniya na Gauraye: Haɗa hanyoyi da yawa don daidaita tsaro da rarrabawa
• Tsarin Kuɗin Kuɗi Mai Sauƙi: Gyare-gyaren algorithm dangane da ma'aunin tattarawa

8 Bincike na Asali

Takardar "Rashin Yiwuwar Cikakken Rarrabawa Cikin Blockchains Marasa Izini" ta gabatar da ƙalubale na asali ga ainihin tsarin fasahar blockchain. Ta hanyar tsara rarrabawa ta hanyar tsarin $(m,\epsilon,\delta)$-rarrabawa da gabatar da manufar farashin Sybil, marubutan sun ba da ingantaccen tushen lissafi don bincika rarrabawa wanda ya wuce ma'auni da ake da su kamar ma'auni na Nakamoto.

Sakamakon rashin yuwuwar ka'idoji ya yi daidai da abubuwan da aka gani a cikin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na blockchain. Tarin ma'adinan Bitcoin, inda manyan tarkace 3 ke sarrafa kusan kashi 65% na adadin hash, da tarin arziki na Ethereum, inda kashi 2% na adiresoshi ke riƙe da kashi 95% na ETH, sun nuna bayyanar zahiri na waɗannan iyakokin ka'idoji. Wannan tsari yana kama da halayen tsakaita da aka gani a cikin wasu tsarin rarraba, kama da yadda tsarin koyon da ba a kula da shi na CycleGAN ya bayyana iyakoki na asali a cikin ayyukan fassarar yanki.

Manufar farashin Sybil tana ba da muhimmin ruwan tabarau don fahimtar dalilin da yasa tsarin blockchain na yanzu ke tsakaita. A cikin tsarin PoW, tattalin arzikin sikelin a cikin kayan aikin ma'adinai da farashin wutar lantarki suna haifar da mummunan farashin Sybil, inda manyan masu aiki a zahiri suna da ƙananan farashin kowane naúrar. A cikin tsarin PoS, rashin farashin maimaitawa don tabbatarwa yana haifar da farashin Sybil kusan sifili. Wannan bincike ya bayyana dalilin da yasa tsarin da aka ba da izini kamar EOS da TRON suka nuna ma fi girman tsakaita, tare da manyan nodes 21 da 27 bi da bi suna sarrafa cikakken hanyar sadarwa.

Kwatancen da binciken tsarin rarraba na al'ada daga cibiyoyi kamar IEEE da ACM Digital Library sun nuna cewa trilemma na rarrabawa—daidaita tsaro, ƙima, da rarrabawa—na iya kasancewa da iyaka ta ka'idojin tattalin arziki maimakon iyakokin fasaha. Binciken ya nuna cewa blockchains na gaskiya marasa izini na iya fuskantar ciniki na asali tsakanin juriya ga Sybil da rarrabawa, kama da yadda ka'idar CAP ke takura ma'ajin bayanai masu rarrabawa.

Hanyoyin bincike na gaba yakamata su bincika ingantattun hanyoyin farashin Sybil waɗanda ba su dogara da amintattun ɓangarori na uku ba. Hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su sun haɗa da tabbatar da aikin jiki, tsarin asali mai rarrabawa tare da zane-zanen zamantakewa, ko saka hannun jari na tushen albarkatun wanda ya haɗa da farashin duniya na gaske. Duk da haka, kamar yadda takardar ta nuna, kowane mafita dole ne a daidaita ƙarfafawar tattalin arzikin da ke haifar da shiga tare da matsanancin lissafi wanda ke ba da damar rarrabawa.

9 Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Peer-to-Peer
2. Buterin, V. (2014). Takardar Farin Ciki na Ethereum
3. Zhu, J.-Y., et al. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hoto mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Adawa na Zagaye. IEEE
4. Bonneau, J., et al. (2015). SoK: Ra'ayoyin Bincike da Kalubale don Bitcoin da Cryptocurrencies. IEEE S&P
5. Kwamitin Ma'auni na IEEE Blockchain. (2019). Ma'aunin Rarrabawa don Tsarin Blockchain
6. Laburaren Digital na ACM. (2020). Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Tsarin Cryptocurrency
7. Gencer, A. E., et al. (2018). Rarrabawa a Cikin Hanyoyin Sadarwa na Bitcoin da Ethereum