Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
1. Gabatarwa
Kuɗin dijital na tushen Blockchain kamar Bitcoin sun sami karɓuwa sosai, duk da haka akwai ƙarancin jagora game da ainihin ƙimar kaya ko ayyuka da za a iya tsare su daga hare-haren sake kashewa ta amfani da ma'amalolin blockchain. Bukatar fahimtar wannan haɗarin yana da mahimmanci ga ƴan kasuwa da ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da ma'amalolin blockchain don sulhu, gami da sidechains da Cibiyar Walƙiya.
Binciken da aka yi a baya na tattalin arzikin hare-haren sake kashewa bai kai ga isa ba saboda ƙayyadaddun tsarin da ba zai iya ɗaukar cikakkiyar rikitarwar matsalar ba. Wannan aikin yana gabatar da sabon tsarin ci gaba da lokaci don hare-haren sake kashewa kuma yana kimanta hare-haren al'ada da waɗanda aka gudanar tare da hare-haren kusa a lokaci guda.
Muhimman Fahimta
- Tsaron ma'amala yana ƙaruwa bisa ga lissafi tare da zurfin tabbatarwa
- Tabbatarwa guda ɗaya tana karewa daga masu kai hari masu iko da har zuwa 25% na ƙarfin hako ma'adinai don ma'amaloli ƙasa da BTC 100
- Tabbatarwa 55 (≈ sa'o'i 9) yana hana masu kai hari daga daidaita komai sai dai idan suna da ƙarfin hako ma'adinai >35%
- Hare-haren kusa suna rage matakin tsaro don hare-haren sake kashewa sosai
2. Tsarin Lissafi na Hako Ma'adinai na Blockchain
2.1 Tsarin Hako Ma'adinai na Ci gaba da Lokaci
Mun samo tsarin ci gaba da lokaci wanda ke ɗaukar yanayin bazuwar na hako ma'adinai na blockchain. Tsarin yana lissafin lokutan isowar toshe Poisson da yuwuwar samun nasarar hako toshe bisa ga rarraba ƙarfin lissafi.
Yuwuwar mai kai hari tare da ɓangaren $q$ na jimlar ƙarfin hako ma'adinai don kama sahihan sarkar lokacin da ya rage ta $z$ tubalan ana bayar da shi ta:
$$P(z) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{idan } q \leq 0.5 \\ \left(\frac{q}{p}\right)^z & \text{idan } q > 0.5 \end{cases}$$
inda $p = 1 - q$ ke wakiltar ƙarfin hako ma'adinai na gaskiya.
2.2 Yiwuwar Kai Hari Sake Kashewa
Yuwuwar nasarar hare-haren sake kashewa ya dogara da zurfin tabbatarwa $z$, ƙarfin hako ma'adinai na mai kai hari $q$, da ƙimar kayan da ke cikin haɗari $V$. Yiwuwar riba ga mai kai hari ita ce:
$$E[\text{riba}] = V \cdot P_{\text{nasarar}}(z, q) - C_{\text{hako}}(q, z)$$
inda $C_{\text{hako}}$ ke wakiltar farashin hako ma'adinai a lokacin hare-haren.
3. Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Hare-haren Sake Kashewa
3.1 Tsaron Tabbatarwa Guda Daya
Ga ƴan kasuwa waɗanda ke buƙatar tabbatarwa guda ɗaya kawai, bincikenmu ya nuna kariya daga masu kai hari masu ɗauke da har zuwa 25% na ƙarfin hako ma'adinai, amma kawai lokacin da jimillar ƙimar kayan da ke cikin haɗari ya kasance ƙasa da BTC 100. Bayan wannan bakin kofa, ƙwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki yana sa hare-haren su zama masu riba.
3.2 Binciken Tabbatarwa Da Yawa
ƴan kasuwa waɗanda ke buƙatar tabbatarwa 55 (kimanin sa'o'i 9 a cikin Bitcoin) suna ƙara tsaro sosai. Mai kai hari ba zai iya daidaita komai sai dai idan yana da fiye da 35% na ƙarfin hako ma'adinai na yanzu, ko kuma lokacin da ƙimar kayan da ke cikin haɗari ya wuce BTC 1,000,000.
Bakin Kofa na Tsaro
Tabbatarwa Guda Daya: Kariya ta 25% ƙarfin hako ma'adinai don <100 BTC
Tabbatarwa 55: Kariya ta 35% ƙarfin hako ma'adinai don <1M BTC
Abubuwan Nasarar Kai Hari
• Zurfin tabbatarwa $z$
• Ƙarfin hako ma'adinai na mai kai hari $q$
• Ƙimar kayan da ke cikin haɗari $V$
• Ƙarshen lokacin tabbatarwa
4. Haɗa Hare-haren Kusa
Lokacin da aka haɗa su tare da hare-haren kusa, inda maƙiyi suka rufe hangen nesa na takamaiman takwarorinsu game da mafi yawan blockchain, hare-haren sake kashewa sun zama masu tasiri sosai. Tsarinmu yana ƙididdige yadda hare-haren kusa ke rage matakin tsaro ta hanyar ware ƴan kasuwa daga cibiyar sadarwa na gaskiya.
Yuwuwar nasara da aka gyara a ƙarƙashin hare-haren kusa ya zama:
$$P_{\text{kusa}}(z, q) = P(z, q) \cdot P_{\text{nasarar-kusa}}$$
inda $P_{\text{nasarar-kusa}}$ ya dogara da haɗin cibiyar sadarwa da ikon mai kai hari na kiyaye kusan.
5. Sakamakon Gwaji
Tabbatarwar mu ta gwaji ta nuna cewa tsaron ma'amala da ke adawa da hare-haren sake kashewa yana ƙaruwa kusan bisa ga lissafi tare da zurfin toshe. Wannan dangantaka tana daidaita yuwuwar ribar da ke ƙaruwa da aikin hujja da ake buƙata.
Bayanin Chati: Chatin binciken tsaro yana nuna lanƙwasa guda uku waɗanda ke wakiltar matakan ƙarfin hako ma'adinai daban-daban na masu kai hari (10%, 25%, 40%). X-axis yana wakiltar zurfin tabbatarwa (tubalan 1-100), yayin da y-axis yana nuna mafi girman ƙimar ma'amala mai tsaro a cikin BTC. Duk lanƙwasa sun nuna girma na lissafi, tare da lanƙwasa mai kai hari 40% yana nuna mafi girman wuraren daidaitawa a ko'ina cikin zurfin tabbatarwa.
Sakamakon ya nuna cewa don aikace-aikacen ƴan kasuwa na ainihi, tabbatarwa 6 yana ba da tsaro mai ma'ana don ma'amaloli har zuwa BTC 10,000 a kan masu kai hari tare da ƙarfin hako ma'adinai ƙasa da 30%.
6. Aiwatar da Fasaha
A ƙasa akwai sauƙaƙan aiwatar da Python don lissafin yuwuwar nasarar hare-haren sake kashewa:
import math
def double_spend_success_probability(q, z):
"""
Lissafa yuwuwar nasarar hare-haren sake kashewa
Sigogi:
q: ɓangaren mai kai hari na ƙarfin hako ma'adinai
z: zurfin tabbatarwa
Mayar da:
yuwuwar nasarar kai hari
"""
p = 1 - q # ƙarfin hako ma'adinai na gaskiya
if q <= 0.5:
# Matsalar mai kai hari ƙarami
lambda_val = z * (q / p)
sum_term = 1
for k in range(0, z+1):
term = (math.exp(-lambda_val) * (lambda_val ** k)) / math.factorial(k)
sum_term -= term * (1 - ((q / p) ** (z - k)))
return sum_term
else:
# Matsalar mai kai hari babba
return 1.0
def break_even_analysis(q, z, mining_cost_per_block):
"""
Lissafa ƙimar ma'amalar daidaitawa don hare-haren sake kashewa
"""
success_prob = double_spend_success_probability(q, z)
total_mining_cost = z * mining_cost_per_block
if success_prob > 0:
return total_mining_cost / success_prob
else:
return float('inf')
# Misalin amfani
q = 0.25 # 25% ƙarfin hako ma'adinai
z = 6 # tabbatarwa 6
mining_cost = 0.1 # BTC kowace toshe
break_even_value = break_even_analysis(q, z, mining_cost)
print(f"Ƙimar ma'amalar daidaitawa: {break_even_value:.2f} BTC")7. Aikace-aikace & Jagorori na Gaba
Fahimtar daga wannan binciken yana da muhimman tasiri ga fasahohin blockchain masu tasowa. Sidechains, kamar yadda masu bincike na Blockstream suka ba da shawara, da mafita na Layer-2 kamar Cibiyar Walƙiya sun dogara da asali akan tsaron ma'amalolin blockchain na asali. Tsarinmu yana ba da jagora mai ƙima don ƙirƙirar ka'idojin haɗin kai masu tsaro.
Jagororin bincike na gaba sun haɗa da:
- Tsawaita tsarin zuwa hanyoyin yarjejeniya na hujjar riƙo
- Nazarin dabarun inganta hare-haren ƴan kasuwa da yawa
- Haɓaka kayan aikin tantance haɗari na ainihi ga ƴan kasuwa
- Haɗa jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa da jinkirin yadawa cikin tsarin
- Aiwatar da tsarin zuwa tsarin blockchain masu tasowa kamar Ethereum 2.0
Bincike na Asali
Wannan bincike yana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙididdige tattalin arzikin tsaron blockchain, yana magance gibin mai mahimmanci a cikin tsare-tsaren farko waɗanda suka kasa haɗa duka farashin kai hari da yuwuwar lada. Sabon tsarin ci gaba da lokaci yana ba da tsarin da ya fi dacewa don kimanta hare-haren sake kashewa, musamman ta hanyar haɗa hare-haren kusa—wata ƙwararren dabara ta matakin cibiyar sadarwa wacce ke rage matakan tsaro sosai.
Dangantakar lissafi tsakanin zurfin tabbatarwa da tsaro tana nuna ainihin ciniki a cikin ƙirar blockchain: yayin da ƙarin tabbatarwa ke ƙara tsaro, suna yin haka a ƙimar raguwa. Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da binciken yarjejeniya da aka kafa, gami da wallafe-wallafen Matsalar Janar na Byzantine da sakamakon rashin yiwuwar FLP da aka ambata a cikin takarda, wanda ke iyakance tsaron yarjejeniya da aka rarraba.
Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin sulhu na kuɗi na al'ada waɗanda suka dogara da masu shiga tsakani amintattu, tsaron blockchain ya samo asali ne daga ƙwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da hujjojin sirri. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin farar takardar Bitcoin da bincike na gaba kamar waɗanda suka fito daga Shirin Kuɗin Dijital na MIT, wannan aikin ya nuna cewa tsaro ba cikakke ba ne amma a maimakon haka yana da yuwuwar kuma na tattalin arziki ne. Bakin kofa na ƙarfin hako ma'adinai 35% don daidaitawa tare da tabbatarwa 55 ya kafa iyakar tsaro mai amfani wanda ke ba da labari game da turawa blockchain na ainihi.
Hanyar bincike tana da kamanceceniya da nazarin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasu tsarin rarraba, irin su waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ga CycleGAN da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa na adawa, inda dabarun mai kai hari da na mai karewa suka rikide don mayar da martani ga ƙwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, wannan aikin ya fi mayar da hankali ne akan ainihin sigogin tattalin arzikin na yarjejeniyar blockchain, yana ba da jagora mai aiki ga ƴan kasuwa da masu ƙira.
Idan muka duba gaba, yayin da ci gaban kwamfuta na quantum ke barazana ga zato na sirri na yanzu, kuma yayin da sabbin hanyoyin yarjejeniya kamar hujjar riƙo suka sami karbuwa, wannan tsarin tattalin arziki zai buƙaci daidaitawa. Haɗin gwiwar Blockchain na Turai da irin wannan ƙaddamarwa na duniya yakamata su haɗa waɗannan ƙirar tsaro masu ƙima lokacin ƙirƙirar kayayyakin more rayuwa na kuɗi na gaba.
8. Nassoshi
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Peer-to-Peer
- Baya, A., et al. (2014). Ba da damar ƙirƙira Blockchain tare da Sidechains Pegged
- Poon, J., & Dryja, T. (2016). Cibiyar Sadarwar Walƙiya ta Bitcoin: Biyan Kuɗi Nan take na Layi 2
- Heilman, E., et al. (2015). Hare-haren Kusa akan Cibiyar Sadarwar Peer-to-Peer ta Bitcoin
- Fischer, M. J., Lynch, N. A., & Paterson, M. S. (1985). Rashin yiwuwar yarjejeniya da aka rarraba tare da Tsari Mai Kuskure Guda Daya
- Aikin Litecoin (2011). Litecoin: Buɗe Kuɗin Dijital P2P
- Sasson, E. B., et al. (2014). Zerocash: Biyan Kuɗi na Anonymous daga Bitcoin
- Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum: Dandali na Kwangila mai wayo na Gaba da Dandali na Aikace-aikace mai rarrabawa
- Ƙaddamar da Kuɗin Dijital na MIT (2016). Duba Binciken Tsaron Blockchain
- Haɗin gwiwar Blockchain na Turai (2020). Zuwa Tsarin Blockchain na Turai